Global mean sea-level change is a key indicator of the Earth's climate state. Changes in temperature alter global mean sea level through changes in ocean mass (e.g., glaciers and ice sheets) and ocean density (i.e., ocean heat content). Additional factors and processes influence sea-level change leading to local rates that differ from the global mean. Given the large potential impacts of sea-level change, projecting future sea level across scales is crucial for climate mitigation, vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning. This article summarizes the processes driving global and regional sea-level changes and outlines the variety of approaches used for projecting them.
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